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50m. Geoffrey and Matilda were in Anjou, rather awkwardly supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army, which included a number of Matilda's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester. [108], Stephen took steps to remove a group of bishops he regarded as a threat to his rule. [185] In 1147 Robert of Gloucester died peacefully, and the next year the Empress Matilda left south-west England for Normandy, both of which contributed to reducing the tempo of the war. Opinions vary over the degree to which Stephen's acquisition of power resembled a coup. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, he was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. The garrison surrendered shortly afterwards, but Stephen had lost an opportunity to capture his principal opponent. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. [119] He also faced a military dilemma at Arundelthe castle was considered almost impregnable, and he may have been worried that he was tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. [4] His eldest brother was William, who under normal circumstances would have ruled Blois and Chartres. 187188. Stephen Colbert spotted a weird moment involving Rep. George Santos (R-N.Y.), the newly elected Long Island House member caught in so many lies that his local GOP leaders are calling on him to resign. [87], Stephen's first few years as king can be interpreted in different ways. The King gave Eustace the County of Boulogne in 1147, but it remained unclear whether Eustace would inherit England. [159] Stephen then spent the summer attacking some of the new Angevin castles built the previous year, including Cirencester, Bampton and Wareham. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. 159160; Chibnall, pp. Opinions vary considerably among historians as to the date of Stephen's birth. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. [24] Despite the King taking a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, it became increasingly unlikely that he would have another legitimate son, and he instead looked to Matilda as his intended heir. (1974) "King Stephen and the Anglo-Norman Aristocracy". [100] Stephen's wife Matilda was sent to negotiate another agreement between Stephen and David, called the treaty of Durham; Northumbria and Cumbria would effectively be granted to David and his son Henry, in exchange for their fealty and future peace along the border. [3] Stephen's mother, Adela, was the daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders, famous amongst her contemporaries for her piety, wealth and political talent. [135][nb 18] Stephen was not a gifted public speaker, and delegated the pre-battle speech to Baldwin of Clare, who delivered a rousing declaration. [90], Stephen was attacked on several fronts during 1138. The Beaumont twins and their younger brother and cousins received the majority of these new earldoms. Stephen was born in Blois, France, in either 1092 or 1096. [25] The problem was further complicated by the sequence of unstable Anglo-Norman successions over the previous sixty yearsWilliam the Conqueror had gained England by force, William Rufus and Robert Curthose had fought a war between them to establish their inheritance, and Henry had only acquired control of Normandy by force. [119], Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester. The Normans and Their Adversaries at War. The royal charter of 1136 had promised to review the ownership of all the lands that had been taken by the crown from the church since 1087, but these estates were now typically owned by nobles. [101] Ranulf devised a plan for dealing with the problem by ambushing Henry whilst the prince was travelling back from Stephen's court to Scotland after Christmas. [229] Stephen probably had three illegitimate sons, Gervase, Abbot of Westminster, Ralph and Americ, by his mistress Damette; Gervase became abbot in 1138, but after his father's death he was removed by Henry in 1157 and died shortly afterwards. War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. First, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, rebelled against the King, starting the descent into civil war in England. (eds) (2001), Rielly, Edward J. (1990) "The End of Stephen's Reign,", Yoshitake, Kenji. [113] The incident successfully removed any military threat from the bishops, but it may have damaged Stephen's relationship with the senior clergy, and in particular with his brother Henry. But an appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS represented more of a gamble. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. [120] Another theory is that Stephen released Matilda out of a sense of chivalry; he was certainly known for having a generous, courteous personality and women were not normally expected to be targeted in Anglo-Norman warfare. 278279; Crouch (2002), p. 276. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [37] Stephen also had a personal Augustinian confessor appointed to him by the Archbishop of Canterbury, who implemented a penitential regime for him, and Stephen encouraged the new order of Cistercians to form abbeys on his estates, winning him additional allies within the church. The name, in both the forms Stephen and Steven, is often shortened to Steve or Stevie. [103] Only a handful of earldoms had existed under Henry I and these had been largely symbolic in nature. King (2010), pp. 189190; Barlow, pp. [211] The fall of Wallingford appeared imminent and Henry marched south in an attempt to relieve the siege, arriving with a small army and placing Stephen's besieging forces under siege themselves. [161] Once on the other side, the King and his men stormed into the town, trapping the Empress in the castle. [4], His younger brother, Henry of Blois, was probably born four years after him. [156], At the beginning of 1142 Stephen fell ill, and by Easter rumours had begun to circulate that he had died. [45] Stephen's elder brother Theobald was further south still, in Blois. [152] Henry's alliance with the Empress proved short-lived, as they soon fell out over political patronage and ecclesiastical policy; the bishop met the Queen at Guildford and transferred his support to her. The King was supported by Hugh of Amiens, Archbishop of Rouen, who challenged the bishops to show how canon law entitled them to build or hold castles. [164] Stephen attempted to break out and escape, resulting in the battle of Wilton. [90] An illegitimate son of Henry I and the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, Robert was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, controlling estates in Normandy. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. [141] He was initially left confined in relatively good conditions, but his security was later tightened and he was kept in chains. [219] Stephen and Henry sealed the treaty with a kiss of peace in the cathedral. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he first arrived. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [32] Stephen was amongst those who took this oath in 1127. Schmieder & O'Doherty (2015), pp. Stephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. The marriage made Henry the future ruler of a huge swathe of territory across France. [232] In Normandy, Orderic Vitalis wrote his Ecclesiastical History, covering Stephen's reign until 1141, and Robert of Torigni wrote a later history of the rest of the period. [83] The Norman forces then deserted Stephen, forcing the King to give up his campaign. Certainly lands in Normandy, passed by hereditary right, were usually considered more important to major barons than those in England, where their possession was less certain. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. [227] The destruction of castles under Henry was not as dramatic as once thought, and although he restored royal revenues, the economy of England remained broadly unchanged under both rulers. 65, 6971; Carpenter, p. 124. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 10421216. [110] Stephen responded by demanding that Roger and the other bishops surrender all of their castles in England. [224] Stephen burst into activity in early 1154, travelling around the kingdom extensively. [237] A number of charters were issued during Stephen's reign, often giving details of current events or daily routine, and these have become widely used as sources by modern historians. [133] Abandoning the deal he had just made, Stephen gathered his army again and sped north, but not quite fast enoughRanulf escaped Lincoln and declared his support for the Empress. [215], Fighting continued after Wallingford, but in a rather half-hearted fashion. [129] Robert of Gloucester's men retook some of the territory that Stephen had taken in his 1139 campaign. [25] Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late King was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England. One of the first seven deacons of the Christian Church, Saint Stephen is also the first Christian to be martyred for the Faith (hence the title, often applied to him, of protomartyr that is, "first martyr"). Historian Keith Stringer argues that Theobald was also probably thinking about an eventual peace treaty in England involving Henry FitzEmpress, and that he may have seen the coronation of Eustace only as a guarantee of further civil war after Stephen's death. [138] Robert and Ranulf's cavalry encircled Stephen's centre, and the King found himself surrounded by the enemy army. Stephen was probably with Henry during the military campaign of 1112, when he was knighted by the King. One potential explanation is his general courtesy to a member of his extended family; another is that he was starting to consider how to end the war peacefully, and saw this as a way of building a relationship with Henry. Three hundred passengers embarked on the White Ship to travel from Barfleur in Normandy to England, including the heir to the throne, William Adelin, and many other senior nobles. [168] Geoffrey gave in, but once free he headed north-east into the Fens to the Isle of Ely, from where he began a military campaign against Cambridge, with the intention of progressing south towards London. [128] Nigel hoped to seize East Anglia and established his base of operations in the Isle of Ely, then surrounded by protective fenland. White (1990), p. 12, cited Bradbury, p. 211. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. Davies, R. H. C. (1964) "What happened in Stephen's reign 113554?". [195] Stephen's second son, William, was married to the extremely wealthy heiress Isabel de Warenne. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. The spelling as [52] Henry was also able to persuade Hugh Bigod, the late King's royal steward, to swear that the King had changed his mind about the succession on his deathbed, nominating Stephen instead. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". He married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. [57] Theobald then agreed to the Normans' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen, who subsequently financially compensated Theobald, who in return remained in Blois and supported his brother's succession. [7], The rulers across this region spoke a similar language, albeit with regional dialects, followed the same religion, and were closely interrelated; they were also highly competitive and frequently in conflict with one another for valuable territory and the castles that controlled them. The impact of these arrests on the efficacy of the subsequent royal administration and the loyalty of the wider English church has been much discussed. His father died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by his mother. King (2010), pp. 164165; Crouch (1998), p. 258. [207] Theobald escaped again into temporary exile in Flanders, pursued to the coast by Stephen's knights, marking a low point in Stephen's relationship with the church. (Official Music Video) Stephen Sharer 9.25M subscribers Subscribe 192K Share Save 32M views 3 years ago MORE MUSIC VIDEOS!! These armies, however, were ill-suited to besieging castles, whether the older motte-and-bailey designs or the newer, stone-built keeps. WebStephen or Steven is a common English first name. [176] The war in the west progressed better in 1145, with the King recapturing Faringdon Castle in Oxfordshire. [203], Nonetheless, the pressure on Stephen to get Eustace confirmed as his legitimate heir continued to grow. [250], Stephen of Blois married Matilda of Boulogne in 1125. 50m. Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. Existing siege engines were significantly less powerful than the later trebuchet designs, giving defenders a substantial advantage over attackers. Edmund King believes the attack never got close to York; R. Davis believes that it did and was deterred by the presence of Stephen's forces. Barlow, pp. King, Edmund. [113] Stephen sent Aubrey de Vere II as his spokesman to the council, who argued that Roger of Salisbury had been arrested not as a bishop, but rather in his role as a baron who had been preparing to change his support to the Empress Matilda. William was probably intellectually disabled, and Adela instead had the counties pass to her second son, later also Count Theobald II of Champagne. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. The early years of Stephen's reign were largely successful, despite a series of attacks on his possessions in England and Normandy by David I of Scotland, Welsh rebels, and the Empress Matilda's husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. The conference collapsed over the insistence by Henry and the clergy that they should set the terms of any peace deal, which Stephen found unacceptable. [234] Most of the chronicles carry some bias for or against Stephen, Robert of Gloucester or other key figures in the conflict. ), king of England from 1135 to 1154. [109] These bishops were powerful landowners as well as ecclesiastical rulers, and they had begun to build new castles and increase the size of their military forces, leading Stephen to suspect that they were about to defect to the Empress Matilda. [142] Stephen's brother Henry summoned a council at Winchester before Easter in his capacity as papal legate to consider the clergy's view. [97], Stephen's personal qualities as a military leader focused on his skill in personal combat, his capabilities in siege warfare and a remarkable ability to move military forces quickly over relatively long distances. [204] Stephen's preferred option was to have Eustace crowned while he himself was still alive, as was the custom in France, but this was not the normal practice in England, and Celestine II, during his brief tenure as pope between 1143 and 1144, had banned any change to this practice. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. He's very intelligent and focused, but can also be considered oblivious to something begging to be noticed. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. Stephen began to examine a negotiated peace, a process hastened by the sudden death of Eustace. 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