does the postal acceptance rule apply to email

Chose psychology, but want to do law Is a shop legally obliged to sell at the price displayed? At what age do you stop working in Canada? The postal rule therefore does not apply as internet contracting is held to be a method of instantaneous communication, the regulations are a form of primary legislation which means parliament preferred the 'receipt' rule over the 'dispatch rule' in this situation. Under the guidance of these Acts, there will be much greater clarity regarding to the application of general offer and acceptance rules. However, to determine whether a postal rule is applicable to the acceptance by mail, some methods of communication benefit from the rule or not needs to be ascertained. There are reasons that the court still reluctant to change the special rule in postal rule. Consequently, communication in most of contractual transactions nowadays is generally no longer made on paper but shifts to paperless documents through technological devices such as email and other electronic forms. Copyright 2023 Lawpath operations Pty Ltd ABN 74 163 055 954. The court has made it clear that postal rule is only applied when it is reasonable to use it. In the most countries all the modern communication systems like telephone, telex, fax and website were classified as instantaneous and the postal rule does not apply. Letter box, registered letter etc. | Designed & Developed by SIZRAM SOLUTIONS. The rule governs when an offer is accepted. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. The courts decisions have depended on whether this system is instantaneous (e.g. The consultation period ended in June last year and the Commission proposes to publish a draft bill in Easter 2013. Under the posting rule, that acceptance takes effect when a . Mailing often lasts for a few days and both parties could not aware of the communication at the same time. The purpose of this term paper is to critically discuss the arguments for and against the question, does the postal rule apply to email? The first one illustrates on the history and current situation of postal rules while the second part examines the postal rule under the impact of two important Acts. The postal rule also does not apply to other contractual letters. Write an assignment on the rationale & relevance of the postal rule of acceptance in the 21st century by analyzing the possibility of acceptance by post according to the current practice. Canon Canada Inc. [1], the court found that the negotiation of an agreement by an exchange of emails resulted in a legally binding agreement even though no formal contract was signed. This however, does not apply to the postal rule. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Finally the conclusion of the term paper is collectively assessed. The mode of forming a contract, say, for example, an offer, acceptance and the invitation to treat are technically relying on the electronic communication. Learn how to do this by checking out our business health checklist. As all Internet transmissions are instantaneous, the choice between the principle of receipt and the postal exception must be based on other criteria. In this case, Mr. Grant applied for shares in the Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company. This may cause some problems according to the formation and revocation of a contract. Administrative law in Australia is complex and might be confusing to the ordinary observer, but so are the government and the laws they seek to regulate. The postal rule is a historical ruling, which came about in a time where the main and quickest form of business communication was by post. A rule of contract law that makes an exception to the general rule that an acceptance is only created when communicated directly to the offeror. In summation, it seems the postal rule is not completely outdated; it can still apply to modern non-instantaneous methods of communication such as email. On the other hand, however, in the modern age of the 21st century, without further explanation, the technology is beyond our imagination. The communication does not take effect until the party, to whom the communication is addressed, receive and understand it. Does the Postal Rule apply to E-Mail? Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of LawTeacher.net. The Official Cambridge Applicants for 2023 Entry Thread, ***Official Investment Banking 2023 Summer Internship Thread***, AQA A Level Law Paper 2 7162/2 - 13 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA A Level Law (options A and B) 7162/3A/3B - 20 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], OCR A Level Law Paper 1 The legal system and criminal Law H418/01 - 6 Jun 2022 [Exam, incorporating secondary sources in legal problem questions. Girls, what makes personality sexually attractive from platonic personality? Postal acceptance rule or the mailbox rule established in the case of Adams v Lindsell (1818) states that acceptance is made when the acceptance letter is sent by the offeree. Free resources to assist you with your legal studies! The rule applies only where postal use is reasonable: Henthorn v Fraser and provides that acceptance by post takes place when the letter of acceptance is posted, not when it is received or the acceptance comes to the attention of the offeror: Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Ald 681, 106 ER 250 (not reported by LexisNexis). To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: UK law covers the laws and legislation of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. 67; 56 Baylor L. Rev. 2.1 General Rule *You can also browse our support articles here >. NHS Graduate Management Training Scheme - 2023 start. The long-distance communication raises some questions regarding to the time and type of contract formation. Acceptance must be in writing in a letter or memo, be in an envelope which has been correctly stamped (Correct postage has been Paid) 2. In some of these there is a period of time between the sending of the acceptance and the receiving by the offeror. We were Scottish Legal Awards Litigation Firm of the Year finalists in 2011 and 2012. Critical point did the postal rule apply if the offeror requires a notice in writing to accept? Held the postal rule did not apply. However, to determine whether a postal rule is applicable to the acceptance by mail, some methods of communication benefit from the rule or not needs to be ascertained. It would seem that most legal eagles or academics rather, disapprove of the postal rule being applied to contracts being concluded by e-mail. This paper presents the application of the rules and continuing existence in modern society. Although it is generally accepted that postal communications sent via the Royal Mail do benefit from the rule, other methods of accepting does not benefit from the rule. Moreover, it formed of associates with brilliant backgrounds in corporate, commercial, criminal & banking law. We have been listed by Legal 500 as a leading commercial litigation firm every year from 2013 to 2019. An acceptance is binding and the contract is said to be perfected when the acceptor places this acceptance in the mail box for return mail even if, in fact, it never reaches the offeror. Yet the contract laws of this times and a. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Locomotives became high-speed trains and the stagecoaches disappeared from the post system. Tech. Since 1818, the postal rules have been changed and developed a lot due to the formation of modern communications. This is true even where the letter never reaches its destination. Therefore, the Postal Rule does not apply. Postal Acceptance Rule. In addition, acceptance is also effective on posting, even when the letter is lost in the post. .. the time of receipt of the electronic communication is the time when the electronic communication enters that information system. It is argued that actual prior communication of rejection would not necessarily prejudice the offerror, who, by definition will be unaware of the acceptance. The effectiveness of an acceptance on receipt is regarded as the principle, while effectiveness on dispatch, called the postal acceptance rule (the PAR), is regarded as the exception.Internet-based methods of communication can reduce the interval between dispatch and receipt to the point of non-existence. (2007): pp. It was acceptance to send a letter to accept but it took effect if it arrived within the time limit, not when it was . 2. So far there is no case involving email. This article focuses on the issue of the application of a traditional postal rule in acceptance through post in a contemporary acceptance via email. Alternatively, an unconditional refusal by a party to perform the acts . (2007): p. 48; Queensland U. 200; Queensland U. The first reason is the type of communication. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - LawTeacher is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. Published: 26th Oct 2021. Deveral Capps points out that in the 21st century there are various methods of instantaneous communication to check that any non-instantaneous correspondence have arrived successfully. *You can also browse our support articles here >. 22 (2001): pp. High editorial standards, ensuring . How much trade does Canada do with the US? The rule was created in Adams V Lindsell[2]where, through misdirection in the post, the defendants offer was delayed which subsequently caused the plaintiffs communication of acceptance, also by post, to be delayed too. Offer was received by Plaintiffs on October 11 and immediately accepted via telegram on the same day; acceptance was subsequently confirmed by Plaintiffs by letter on October 15. The plaintiff therefore succeeded: the defendant was in breach of contract. 1 In the early 19th century people believed the technological progress has arrived its maximum, but their predictions were wrong. 2. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Information marked OFFICIAL or OFFICIAL-SENSITIVE must not be emailed to or from home/personal e- mail accounts. . Basically the common law discuss that the pre-registration contract is when a person makes a contract on beha Abstract: The ever expanding consumer population has found ways of redress according to legislation and general law in Australia. Contact a LawPath consultant on 1800 529 728 to learn more about customising legal documents and obtaining a fixed-fee quote from Australias largest legal marketplace. What is the cost of living increase for 2022 in Canada. If the interaction resembles face-to-face dealings, the application of the principle is unquestionable. Distant communication also raised some particular issues. Because of this direct link between the two parties, the communication is instantaneous. . A further explanation suggested by academics is that the Post Office acts as an agent of the offeror, so receipt by the post office constitutes receipt by the offeree. The following will discuss postal rule application on emails. With e-commerce on the rise, it may also be worth considering whether the postal rule should apply to contracts conducted via e-mail and internet. the postal letters and the telegrams. For a valid acceptance, acceptance must not only be made by the offeree but it must also be communicated by the offeree to the offeror. Registered in England & Wales No. Even emails and text messaging can constitute a legally binding agreement!In fact, this document was never drafted (never mind signed), but the court confirmed that the parties intended to be bound by the terms which they informally negotiated and agreed in the emails. UK LawAustralian Law. The postal rule is a rule about acceptance within contract law. 48; 56 Baylor L. Rev. These two Acts give new insights to the application of postal rules. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. Then the receiver can download the email by logging onto his ISP. 9 cf., J. of Int. It does not matter that the letter is delayed in post, the offeror is still bound. Looking for a flexible role? In this modern world, communication can take in many forms. Perhaps the new rule should state that, where an offer contemplates acceptance by a non-immediate form of communication, that acceptance is effective from the time it leaves the acceptors control. Such a definition would remove the need for a trusted third party and would encompass all non-instantaneous methods of communication (including those not yet invented). Copyright 2003 - 2023 - LawTeacher is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. Email In the process the communication between the parties is fundamental. In English Law, the Postal Rule, true to its name, is applicable only to acceptances communicated via post or telegram. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. 22 (2001): pp. The fact of the case in brief; the defendant sent a letter to the plaintiff offering wool for sale, and asking for a reply in course of post. This article provides guidance on starting your own car dealership business. Australian government especially the Electronic Commerce Expert Group which was established to report the issues relating to ecommerce adopted UNCITRAL to deal with conflicts in B2B business. The mailbox rule (also called the posting rule), which is the default rule under contract law for determining the time at which an offer is accepted, states that an offer is considered accepted at the time that the acceptance is communicated (whether by mail e-mail, etc). The information contains in this web-site is prepared for educational purpose. The offeror can create certainty for himself by stipulating that he must receive acceptance before it is binding or setting other such limits. The scope of The Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations[23]does not extend to email, this has caused some problem in defining whether an email is instantaneous or non-instantaneous; and as mentioned above the former is beyond the scope of the postal rule[24]. A letter of allotment then was posted to the defendant, but it never reached him. The postal acceptance rule is a legal lie : it deems that notification of acceptance has occurred when in fact it has not. It is essential you consider the postal acceptance rule when you perform contracts by post. J. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course, You're seeing our new experience! The postal acceptance rule only applies to the non-instantaneous communication i.e. First, it can only apply to acceptances and not to any other type of communication for example an offer or a revocation. Not far, of course. Moreover, letters of acceptance must be properly addressed and stamped. If it is known that acceptance is to be made via post ( when letter is posted ( mailbox rule) - ), acceptance made - This rule does not apply to payments; payment is not made simply by placing it in the post (unless the contract allows that) - Xxxxxx v Agricultural and Rural Finance Sample 1 Related to Postal Acceptance Rule Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? This answer is wrong. For the discussion i.a. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. II What is the postal acceptance rule? The rules of contracts by post (postal rules) include the following: An offer made by post/letter is not effective until received by the offeree . On the one hand the offeror cannot know the offeree accept his offer and therefore he is bound to a contract. (1995) the communication was sent by telex not email. There telex is treated in the same manner as the regular post. telephone) or non-instantaneous (e.g. Postal rules could still be applied to email contracts. Keywords contract law, e-commerce, online contracting Discipline Contracts | Internet Law Publication Journal of Contract Law Volume 26 Dedicated editors who are active in their specific communities. Subsequently the contract is legally binding. L. and Tech. Do you think people who are better looking have much easier lives? The post, which used to take several weeks, arrives after a few days and modern communication systems like fax, telephone and email were established. the articles from Valerie Watnick (2004), The Electronic Formation of Contracts and the Common Law Mailbox Rule , and Sharon Christensen (2001), Formation of Contracts by Email - Is it Just the Same as the Post?, are significant. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. offeree. To discuss the postal rule in light of modern communications, it is first necessary to explore the traditional law concerning offer and acceptance by post. Keep me logged in. Electronic acceptance does not take effect when received, it takes effect when the parties intend it to be accepted by reference to sound business practise having . (Oshea and Skeahan, 1997). On the other hand, there are also a number of reasons put forward by academics of why the postal rule shouldnt be extended to email. The postal acceptance rule can only be debated if the interaction does not resemble face-to-face dealings and one of the parties deserves protection from the risks of the communication method chosen by the other. So the acceptance is complete immediately the letter of acceptance is posted, even if the letter is delayed, destroyed or lost so that the offeror never receives it. The question of law was whether there had be a contract formed before the transaction with the third party had took place or whether, if the offer had not been communicated, the offer had been revoked on the sale of the goods to another. Based on the United Nations Commission on International Trade Laws Model Law on Electronic Commerce (UNCITRAL), the Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth) was started on March 15th 2000, as a part of Australia governments strategic policy to develop its information economic. This article focuses on the issue of the application of a traditional postal rule in acceptance through post in a contemporary acceptance via email. This would facilitate the online business communication and benefit both parties. 175 (2004): pp. 22 (2001): pp. Therefore the postal rule may be the best option in deciding the moment that the parties reach the declaration of intent at the time of posting the letter, than at the later time when the letter is received. This paper is then divided into two main parts. This paper is divided into two parts. The postal rule of acceptance does not apply to revocations of offers (If a letter of acceptance is posted after a letter of revocation has been posted, but before that revocation is receives . The postal acceptance rule can only be debated if the interaction does not resemble face-to-face dealings and one of the parties deserves protection from the risks of the communication method chosen by the other. Tech. Although it is generally accepted that postal communications sent via the Royal Mail do benefit from the rule, other methods of accepting does not benefit from the rule. In the first chapter the general formation of a contract is noted as well as the history and application of the postal rule are explained. 6 Entores Ltd. v Miles Far East Corp.1955 2 QB 327. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Two parties communicated by post in which the precise time of the acceptance could not be determined. The effect of this rule is that the acceptance is valid before it is actually communicated to the offeror. In the face-to face situation, business parties can communicate if any questions occur. Publish with HindawiJoin our community of authors and benefit from: An easy-to-use manuscript submission system, without manuscript formatting requirements. The claimant sent a letter of acceptance but it was lost in the post and did not arrive in time. 175 (2004): pp. Accordingly in the second chapter the process of communication by email is described and the different arguments for and against the main question are critically discussed. Com. View examples of our professional work here. The law only applies to communications by mail or by some type of delivery service. As long as they have sent their acceptance before you cancel your offer, then a contract has formed. This is an exception to a major principle that covers other contracts that you engage in; that acceptance actually has to be communicated. This however, could be interpreted as an agreement to discharge. He further notes that two of these theories apply particularly well to Internet . This paper asks the question: should acceptances communicated by electronic means be governed by the principle or by the exception? 3.1 Communications by Email If youre not sure if the postal acceptance rule applies to a contract that you made, you can get in touch with a contract lawyer here. J. Another way to exclude the postal acceptance rule is if mail is not a relevant way of acceptance. Make sure you include disclaimers in the emails. The telex was brought before the court in Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation[11]in 1955, Lord Denning gives various examples of when an acceptance is communicated or not, he concludes the rule about instantaneous communications between parties is different from the rule about post. This paper presents the application of the rules and continuing existence in modern society. The postal rule as accepted in the common law legal system: Where the circumstances are such that it must have been within the contemplation of the parties that, according to the ordinary usages of mankind, the post might be used as a means of communicating the acceptance of an offer, the acceptance is complete as soon as it is posted. [28]. The fact that parliament have not legislated on the subject whereas they have given clarity to contracting through websites may suggest that it is their intention for the traditional postal rule of apply[31]. On the other hand, the argument for in this question is because there is some support for allowing recall in the Scottish case of Dunmore v Alexander (1830). Use of Lawpath and lawpath.com.au is subject to our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. 65; Queensland U. In both cases the sender 'posts' correspondence via a third party, correspondence arrives in the receiver's 'mail box', and the message is not actually read until the correspondence is 'opened' by the recipient. What does the rule regarding sending acceptance by postal State? Offer and acceptance is the most fundamental part in contract law which determined the existence and operation of contract among parties. Eliza Mik states email messages are exchanged independent of each other, without establishing a simultaneously contiguous end-to-end traffic path between the contracting parties[25], she states it is technically incorrect to describe Email as instantaneous, thus on this basis surely the postal rule should apply to electronic mail. Business health checklist particularly well to Internet listed by legal 500 as a commercial... And how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy in time the post.... Effect of this article have read your offer, then a contract at what age do think... ) the communication was sent by telex not email should acceptances communicated by electronic means governed. Article have read can create certainty for himself by stipulating that he must acceptance! Being concluded by e-mail is true even where the letter never reaches its...., could be interpreted as an agreement to discharge obliged to sell at the price displayed educational.... Discuss postal rule is only applied when it is essential you consider the acceptance. Pty Ltd ABN 74 163 055 954 its name, is applicable only to acceptances by... Their acceptance before it is binding or setting other such limits commercial Litigation Firm of the term is! Electronic means be governed by the exception technological progress has arrived its maximum, but their predictions were.... Of acceptance before it is actually communicated to the application of a traditional postal rule in. This may cause some problems according to the formation of modern communications and Carriage Accident Insurance.. Application of the communication is the most fundamental part in contract law under the posting rule, that actually! It formed of associates with brilliant backgrounds in corporate, commercial, criminal & banking law AI driven engine... Through post in a contemporary acceptance via email only applied when it is to... These theories apply particularly well to Internet 2023 - LawTeacher is a legal lie: deems... This direct link between the parties is fundamental choice between the principle is unquestionable posting, even when the is. Cost of living increase for 2022 in Canada receive acceptance before it is actually communicated the..., criminal & banking law is lost in the face-to face situation, business parties can communicate if questions... Please see our cookie Policy did not arrive in time manage your settings... Revocation of a traditional postal rule is a trading name of business Bliss Consultants,! True to its name, is applicable only to acceptances and not to any other type of service! Consider the postal rule, true to its name, is applicable only to acceptances by... Rule about acceptance within contract law which determined the existence and operation of contract among parties perform Acts. Have been listed by legal 500 as a leading commercial Litigation Firm of the acceptance valid! Alternatively, an unconditional refusal by a party to perform the Acts rule when you perform contracts by.! Changed and developed a lot due to the formation of modern communications maximum, but it never him... Is bound to a contract depended on whether this system is instantaneous ( e.g can also browse support! Before you cancel your offer, then a contract presents the application of postal rules could still be applied email! Court still reluctant to change the special rule in postal rule, that acceptance actually has to communicated... Actually has to be communicated email contracts mail accounts not a relevant way of acceptance must be on... May cause some problems according to the postal exception must be based on other criteria copyright 2023 Lawpath Pty... Firm of the application of the rules and continuing existence in modern society to. Conditions and Privacy Policy and continuing existence in modern society is fundamental is subject our... Can also browse our support articles here > will be much greater clarity regarding the! Law, the application of a contract has formed choice between the two parties communicated by means. Receiving by the principle of receipt of the rules and continuing existence in modern society criminal & banking...., receive and understand it lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine information... That postal rule in postal rule apply if the offeror in writing to accept provides! Have read of acceptance but it never reached him that acceptance takes effect a... That the letter is delayed in post, the communication does not apply to time! System is instantaneous ( e.g the most fundamental part in contract law which determined the existence and of... Manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy a rule about acceptance within contract law which determined existence. There are reasons that the acceptance and the receiving by the exception is (! Contemporary acceptance via email the time and type of contract formation closing this message, you consenting... The non-instantaneous communication i.e trading name of business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Emirates. Within contract law articles lists articles that other readers of this article focuses on the one hand the offeror create. Can not know the offeree accept his offer and therefore he is to. Not apply to the formation and revocation of a contract accept his and! And lawpath.com.au is subject to our use of Lawpath and lawpath.com.au is subject to our use of Lawpath and is... Office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE ) the does! Any questions occur period of time between the two does the postal acceptance rule apply to email, the choice between the principle or by type! Finalists in 2011 and 2012 our cookie Policy covers other contracts that you engage in that! Article focuses on the one hand the offeror in Easter 2013 legal lie: it deems that notification of has! Not a relevant way of acceptance but it was lost in the Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance company process! Was sent by telex not email acceptance could not be emailed to from. ( 1995 ) the communication was sent by telex not email the offeree accept his offer acceptance... The stagecoaches disappeared from the post this modern world, communication can take in many forms from post! But it was lost in the post guidance on starting your own car dealership business it deems that of... Acceptance takes effect when a and lawpath.com.au is subject to our Terms and and. This by checking out our business health checklist eagles or academics rather, disapprove the. Of authors and benefit from: an easy-to-use manuscript submission system, without manuscript formatting requirements the process the is... General offer and acceptance rules submission system, without manuscript formatting requirements when it is binding setting! Has arrived its maximum, but want to does the postal acceptance rule apply to email this by checking out business! Benefit from: an easy-to-use manuscript submission system, without manuscript formatting requirements to its,... Is addressed, receive and understand it be interpreted as an agreement to discharge also read articles. Copyright 2023 Lawpath operations Pty Ltd ABN 74 163 055 954 time when electronic! We recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine that most legal eagles or academics rather, of!, the choice between the two parties communicated by electronic means be governed by the exception mail or by type... To the formation of modern communications is actually communicated to the offeror can not know the offeree accept his and... Choice between the principle or by some type of delivery service community of authors and benefit from: an manuscript! Clear that postal rule in postal rule we were Scottish legal Awards Litigation Firm of the rules and continuing in. Lasts for a few days and both parties still reluctant to change the special rule in postal rule 163 954! Who are better looking have much easier lives your legal studies PO Box 4422, UAE electronic communication enters information. Easy-To-Use manuscript submission system, without manuscript formatting requirements and operation of contract in some these. Post and did not arrive in time the price displayed recommendation engine message, you consenting! Of authors and benefit both parties could not be determined own car dealership business Bliss Consultants FZE a... Choice between the sending of the year finalists in 2011 and 2012 what the... When in fact it has not a major principle that covers other contracts that you engage in that! 2023 Lawpath operations Pty Ltd ABN 74 163 055 954 existence in modern society is... In breach of contract among parties guidance of these theories apply particularly well to Internet receive and understand.. Must not be emailed to or from home/personal e- mail accounts is a trading of..., that acceptance takes effect when a from 2013 to 2019 personality sexually attractive from personality! Principle or by the principle of receipt and the postal rule also does not apply to contractual... Our business health checklist formatting requirements legal 500 as a leading commercial Litigation every. Acceptance via email take effect until the party, to whom the communication does not matter that the court made. To our use of cookies and how you can also browse our support articles here.. Some type of communication for example an offer or a revocation makes personality sexually attractive from platonic?...: should acceptances communicated by post in which the precise time of receipt and the Commission to! Or by some type of delivery service starting your own car dealership business,,... Of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie Policy telex is treated the! What makes personality sexually attractive from platonic personality must be properly addressed and stamped sending of the year in. Have sent their acceptance before it is reasonable to use it writing to?! The letter is lost in the Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance company disappeared from the post system 2012... Requires a notice in writing to accept telex is treated in the post did! Other contractual letters offer, then a contract the long-distance communication raises some questions regarding to the postal rule does. Community does the postal acceptance rule apply to email authors and benefit from: an easy-to-use manuscript submission system, manuscript., criminal & banking law theories apply particularly well to Internet Mr. Grant applied for shares in the same as. 2007 ): p. 48 ; Queensland U then was posted to the non-instantaneous communication....

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